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Abstract: The mid- to late 19th century saw dramatic changes in American society, with the coming of industrialization and immigration. A relatively rural, culturally homogeneous society was swamped by economic and social upheaval. And yet the nation was able to adapt and prosper. This historical case describes the combination of public and nonprofit initiatives undertaken to help Americans adapt to change during this period. It is meant to spark discussion of the relative role of public and private ventures in the formation of the institutions of civil society.